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In general, a choker necklace is any necklace worn in a snug fit around the neck. Among many tribes who straight dance, the choker necklace can be divided into four main categories. I have tried to include examples from the past in each category. In some cases, a photo might show more than one style of choker necklace worn at the same time.
1. A single strand of large glass trade beads, sometimes with a single shell disc in the center.
Youngest Pony - Pawnee - 1868
Behind The One Who Strikes First - Pawnee - 1868
Eagle Chief - Pawnee - 1905
Standing Bear - Ponca - 1881
Medicine Horse - Otoe - 1869
James Whitewater - Otoe - 1891
Baptiste Deroin - Omaha/Otoe/French - 1880
Bright Eye - Omaha - 1883
Bacon Rind – Osage – 1916
2. Three to four rows of glass, silver or brass trade beads, strung alone or with small bone hairpipes spaced at regular intervals, and held together by leather spacers to keep the rows even.
White Horse - Pawnee - 1868
Big Snake - Ponca - 1877
Big Elk - Ponca - 1877
Yellow Horse - Ponca - 1906
Makes A Noise - Otoe - 1884
White Horse - Otoe - 1895
Brother of John Pipestem with wife - Otoe - 1906
It Is Him - Otoe - 1907
Red Bear - Otoe - 1908
Chas Baddle - Omaha/Otoe - 1898
Cannot Do It - Sauk & Fox - 1890
Picking Up Something - Sauk & Fox - 1896
Osage man - 1875
Ne-kah-ka-lah – Osage – 1893
Frank Corndropper and Paul Buffalo - Osage - 1895
Red Eagle – Osage – 1908
3. As many as ten horizontal rows of dentalium shells strung between spacers of leather.
Horse Chief - Ponca - 1906
Ponca men - no date
4. A narrow band of “side-stitched” beadwork made of a horsehair woven network of size 13/0 glass seed beads. These can be seen in many old photos, and at first glance, give the false appearance of being made by the loom beaded method.
Pawnee man - 1867
The Sun Coming In - Pawnee - 1868
Pawnee men - 1868
Long Dog - Pawnee - 1868
Driving A Herd - Pawnee - 1868
Big Spotted Horse - Pawnee - 1875
Sun Chief - Pawnee - no date
Standing Bear - Ponca - 1877
Hairy Grizzly Bear - Ponca - 1877
Black Crow - Ponca - 1877
Standing Bear - Ponca - 1881
Little Pipe - Otoe - 1869
Crawfish Maker - Otoe - 1880
Standing Eating - Otoe - 1884
Far Away - Otoe - 1884
Prairie Turtle - Otoe - 1894
Bushy Tail - Otoe - 1894
James Arkeketah - Otoe - no date
Deer Thigh – Iowa – 1869
Omaha men - 1875
The Buck - Omaha - 1883
Omaha men - 1907
Little Village Maker - Omaha - 1909
Eye of the People - Omaha - 1909
Standing Bear - Omaha - 1909
Sauk & Fox man - circa 1880
Hard Thinker - Sauk & Fox - 1896
Callahan, Alice A.
1990. The Osage Ceremonial Dance, I’n-Lon-Schka. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK.
Cooley, Jim.
1985. Inlonska Centenial Commemoration: One Hundred Years of Dancing at the Pawhuska District. Moccasin Tracks Magazine, June Issue, Vol. 10, No. 10, LaPalma, CA.
Duncan, Jim.
1997. Hethushka Zani: An Ethnohistory of the War Dance Complex. MA thesis. Department of Anthropology, Northeastern State University, Tahlequah, OK.
Ellis, Clyde.
2003. A Dancing People: Powwow Culture on the Southern Plains. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, KS.
Feder, Norman.
1957-a. Costume of the Oklahoma Straight Dancer. The American Indian Hobbyist Newsletter, Vol. 4, No. 1.
1957-b. Costume of the Oklahoma Straight Dancer. The American Indian Hobbyist Newsletter, Vol. 4, No. 2.
1980. Some Notes on the Osage War Dance. Moccasin Tracks Magazine, November Issue, LaPalma, CA.
Heth, Charlotte, ed.
1992. Native American Dance: Ceremonies and Social Traditions. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
Howard, Dr. James H.
1955. The Pan-Indian Culture in Oklahoma. The Scientific Monthly, Vol. 81, No. 5.
1965. The Ponca Tribe. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 195, Smithsonian Institution, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
1976. Ceremonial Dress of the Delaware Man. Special Issue, The Bulletin of the Archeological Society of New Jersey, No. 33, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ.
1983. Pan-Indianism in Native American Music and Dance. Ethnomusicology, Vol. 28, No. 1.
Howard, Dr. James H. and Gertrude P. Kurath.
1959. Ponca Dances, Ceremonies and Music. Ethnomusicology, Vol. 7.
Johnson, Tim. Ed.
1998. Spirit Capture: Photographs from the National Museum of the American Indian. Smithsonian Books, Washington, D.C.
Kavanagh, Thomas W.
1992. Southern Plains Dance Tradition and Dynamics: Native American Dance Ceremonies and Social Traditions. National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution with Starwood, Washington D.C.
LaFave, Edward J.
1998. Straight Dance Clothing: How to Dress a Straight Dancer. Whispering Wind: American Indian Past & Present Magazine, Vol. 29, No. 4, Folsom, LA.
Smith, Jerry.
1982. Straight Dance Clothes: Getting Them On. Moccasin Tracks Magazine, April Issue, LaPalma, CA.
Stewart, Tyronne H.
1968. Dressing a Straight Dancer. The Singing Wire Newsletter, February Issue.
1. A single strand of large glass trade beads, sometimes with a single shell disc in the center.
Youngest Pony - Pawnee - 1868
Behind The One Who Strikes First - Pawnee - 1868
Eagle Chief - Pawnee - 1905
Standing Bear - Ponca - 1881
Medicine Horse - Otoe - 1869
James Whitewater - Otoe - 1891
Baptiste Deroin - Omaha/Otoe/French - 1880
Bright Eye - Omaha - 1883
Bacon Rind – Osage – 1916
2. Three to four rows of glass, silver or brass trade beads, strung alone or with small bone hairpipes spaced at regular intervals, and held together by leather spacers to keep the rows even.
White Horse - Pawnee - 1868
Big Snake - Ponca - 1877
Big Elk - Ponca - 1877
Yellow Horse - Ponca - 1906
Makes A Noise - Otoe - 1884
White Horse - Otoe - 1895
Brother of John Pipestem with wife - Otoe - 1906
It Is Him - Otoe - 1907
Red Bear - Otoe - 1908
Chas Baddle - Omaha/Otoe - 1898
Cannot Do It - Sauk & Fox - 1890
Picking Up Something - Sauk & Fox - 1896
Osage man - 1875
Ne-kah-ka-lah – Osage – 1893
Frank Corndropper and Paul Buffalo - Osage - 1895
Red Eagle – Osage – 1908
3. As many as ten horizontal rows of dentalium shells strung between spacers of leather.
Horse Chief - Ponca - 1906
Ponca men - no date
4. A narrow band of “side-stitched” beadwork made of a horsehair woven network of size 13/0 glass seed beads. These can be seen in many old photos, and at first glance, give the false appearance of being made by the loom beaded method.
Pawnee man - 1867
The Sun Coming In - Pawnee - 1868
Pawnee men - 1868
Long Dog - Pawnee - 1868
Driving A Herd - Pawnee - 1868
Big Spotted Horse - Pawnee - 1875
Sun Chief - Pawnee - no date
Standing Bear - Ponca - 1877
Hairy Grizzly Bear - Ponca - 1877
Black Crow - Ponca - 1877
Standing Bear - Ponca - 1881
Little Pipe - Otoe - 1869
Crawfish Maker - Otoe - 1880
Standing Eating - Otoe - 1884
Far Away - Otoe - 1884
Prairie Turtle - Otoe - 1894
Bushy Tail - Otoe - 1894
James Arkeketah - Otoe - no date
Deer Thigh – Iowa – 1869
Omaha men - 1875
The Buck - Omaha - 1883
Omaha men - 1907
Little Village Maker - Omaha - 1909
Eye of the People - Omaha - 1909
Standing Bear - Omaha - 1909
Sauk & Fox man - circa 1880
Hard Thinker - Sauk & Fox - 1896
Callahan, Alice A.
1990. The Osage Ceremonial Dance, I’n-Lon-Schka. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK.
Cooley, Jim.
1985. Inlonska Centenial Commemoration: One Hundred Years of Dancing at the Pawhuska District. Moccasin Tracks Magazine, June Issue, Vol. 10, No. 10, LaPalma, CA.
Duncan, Jim.
1997. Hethushka Zani: An Ethnohistory of the War Dance Complex. MA thesis. Department of Anthropology, Northeastern State University, Tahlequah, OK.
Ellis, Clyde.
2003. A Dancing People: Powwow Culture on the Southern Plains. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, KS.
Feder, Norman.
1957-a. Costume of the Oklahoma Straight Dancer. The American Indian Hobbyist Newsletter, Vol. 4, No. 1.
1957-b. Costume of the Oklahoma Straight Dancer. The American Indian Hobbyist Newsletter, Vol. 4, No. 2.
1980. Some Notes on the Osage War Dance. Moccasin Tracks Magazine, November Issue, LaPalma, CA.
Heth, Charlotte, ed.
1992. Native American Dance: Ceremonies and Social Traditions. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
Howard, Dr. James H.
1955. The Pan-Indian Culture in Oklahoma. The Scientific Monthly, Vol. 81, No. 5.
1965. The Ponca Tribe. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 195, Smithsonian Institution, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
1976. Ceremonial Dress of the Delaware Man. Special Issue, The Bulletin of the Archeological Society of New Jersey, No. 33, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ.
1983. Pan-Indianism in Native American Music and Dance. Ethnomusicology, Vol. 28, No. 1.
Howard, Dr. James H. and Gertrude P. Kurath.
1959. Ponca Dances, Ceremonies and Music. Ethnomusicology, Vol. 7.
Johnson, Tim. Ed.
1998. Spirit Capture: Photographs from the National Museum of the American Indian. Smithsonian Books, Washington, D.C.
Kavanagh, Thomas W.
1992. Southern Plains Dance Tradition and Dynamics: Native American Dance Ceremonies and Social Traditions. National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution with Starwood, Washington D.C.
LaFave, Edward J.
1998. Straight Dance Clothing: How to Dress a Straight Dancer. Whispering Wind: American Indian Past & Present Magazine, Vol. 29, No. 4, Folsom, LA.
Smith, Jerry.
1982. Straight Dance Clothes: Getting Them On. Moccasin Tracks Magazine, April Issue, LaPalma, CA.
Stewart, Tyronne H.
1968. Dressing a Straight Dancer. The Singing Wire Newsletter, February Issue.
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